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Geoengineering the climate: science, governance and uncertainty

Author(s): Shepherd JG, Caldeira K, Cox PM, Haigh J, Keith DW, Launder B, Mace GM, MacKerron G, Pyle J, Rayner S, Redgwell C, Watson AJ

Published: September, 2009

Publisher: The Royal Society

Tags: Overview

URL: http://royalsociety.org/policy/publications/2009/geoengineering-climate/

Abstract: Man-made climate change is happening and its impacts and costs will be large, serious and unevenly spread. The impacts may be reduced by adaptation and moderated by mitigation, especially by reducing emissions of greenhouse gases. However, global efforts to reduce emissions have not yet been sufficiently successful to provide confidence that the reductions needed to avoid dangerous climate change will be achieved. This has led to growing interest in geoengineering, defined here as the deliberate large-scale manipulation of the planetary environment to counteract anthropogenic climate change.


Ocean acidification due to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide

Author(s): Raven J, Caldeira K, Elderfield H, Hoegh-Guldberg O, Liss PS, Riebesell U, Shepherd JG, Turley C, Watson AJ

Published: June, 2005

Publisher: The Royal Society

Tags: Ocean Acidification

URL: http://royalsociety.org/policy/publications/2005/ocean-acidification/

Abstract: The oceans cover over two-thirds of the Earth’s surface. They play a vital role in global biogeochemical cycles, contribute enormously to the planet’s biodiversity and provide a livelihood for millions of people. The oceans are absorbing carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere and this is causing chemical changes by making them more acidic (that is, decreasing the pH of the oceans). In the past 200 years the oceans have absorbed approximately half of the CO2 produced by fossil fuel burning and cement production. Calculations based on measurements of the surface oceans and our knowledge of ocean chemistry indicate that this uptake of CO2 has led to a reduction of the pH of surface seawater of 0.1 units, equivalent to a 30% increase in the concentration of hydrogen ions.


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