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Can mirrors beat the greenhouse?

Author(s): Maddox J

Published: July, 1990

Publisher: Nature

DOI: 10.1038/346311a0

Tags: Surface Albedo Modification, Ethics

URL: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v346/n6282/pdf/346311a0.pdf

Abstract: People should not personally assume responsibility for the greenhouse effect, which would be impossible, but they should give some thought to the quantities involved.


Space-based solar shield to offset greenhouse effect

Author(s): Early JT

Published: December, 1989

Publisher: Journal of the British Interplanetary Society

Tags: Space Reflectors

URL: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989JBIS...42..567E

Abstract: The construction of a thin glass shield is proposed to offset the greenhouse effects caused by CO2 buildup in the earth's atmosphere. It is suggested that the shield could be built from lunar materials and should be located near the first Lagrange point of the earth-sun system. Consideration is given to the photon thrust of the shield, the shield size, effective blockage, and possibilities for shield design.


Oceanic phytoplankton, atmospheric sulphur, cloud albedo and climate

Author(s): Charlson RJ, Lovelock JE, Andreae MO, Warren SG

Published: April, 1987

Publisher: Nature

DOI: 10.1038/326655a0

Tags: Cloud Brightening, Ocean Fertilization, Cloud Physics

URL: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v326/n6114/abs/326655a0.html

Abstract: The major source of cloud-condensation nuclei (CCN) over the oceans appears to be dimethylsulphide, which is produced by planktonic algae in sea water and oxidizes in the atmosphere to form a sulphate aerosol Because the reflectance (albedo) of clouds (and thus the Earth's radiation budget) is sensitive to CCN density, biological regulation of the climate is possible through the effects of temperature and sunlight on phytoplankton population and dimethylsulphide production. To counteract the warming due to doubling of atmospheric CO2, an approximate doubling of CCN would be needed.


Can we control the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?

Author(s): Dyson FJ

Published: September, 1977

Publisher: Energy

DOI: 10.1016/0360-5442(77)90033-0

Tags: Afforestation, Terrestrial Carbon Storage, Economics

URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0360544277900330

Abstract: The carbon dioxide generated by burning fossil fuels can theoretically be controlled by growing trees. Quantitative estimates are made of the size and cost of a plant-growing program designed to halt the increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.


Albedo of the ocean-atmosphere system: influence of sea foam

Author(s): Gordon HR, Jacobs MM

Published: August, 1977

Publisher: Applied optics

DOI: 10.1364/AO.16.002257

Tags: Surface Albedo Modification

URL: http://www.opticsinfobase.org/ao/abstract.cfm?uri=ao-16-8-2257

Abstract: The influence of the ocean’s optical properties and wind induced sea surface foam (white caps) on the shortwave albedo of the ocean-atmosphere system is studied by solving the radiative transfer equation using a Monte Carlo method. It is found that for a foam free ocean, the planetary albedo of a very clear ocean is at most 10% greater than that for a totally absorbing ocean. However, the introduction of a relatively small amount of sea foam on the surface can produce a considerable increase in the albedo, especially if the foam is highly reflecting. For example, it is shown that for foam which is totally reflecting (the foam albedo is 1), an increase in the wind speed from 6 to 14 m/sec would double the planetary albedo for small solar zenith angles.


The influence of pollution on the shortwave albedo of clouds

Author(s): Twomey S

Published: July, 1977

Publisher: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences

DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(1977)034<1149:TIOPOT>2.0.CO;2

Tags: Cloud Physics

URL: http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/1520-0469%281977%29034%3C1149%3ATIOPOT%3E2.0.CO%3B2

Abstract: By increasing droplet concentration and thereby the optical thickness of a cloud, pollution acts to increase the reflectance (albedo) of clouds; by increasing the absorption coefficient it acts to decrease the reflectance. Calculations suggest that the former effect (brightening of the clouds in reflection, hence climatically a cooling effect) dominates for thin to moderately thick clouds, whereas for sufficiently thick clouds the latter effect (climatically a warming effect) can become dominant.


On geoengineering and the CO2 problem

Author(s): Marchetti C

Published: March, 1977

Publisher: Climatic Change

DOI: 10.1007/BF00162777

Tags: Marine Carbon Storage, Carbon Cycle

URL: http://www.springerlink.com/content/h71588v014051h6k/

Abstract: The problem of CO2 control in the atmosphere is tackled by proposing a kind of 'fuel cycle' for fossil fuels where CO2 is partially or totally collected at certain transformation points and properly disposed of. CO2 is disposed of by injection into suitable sinking thermohaline currents that carry and spread it into the deep ocean that has a very large equilibrium capacity. The Mediterranean undercurrent entering the Atlantic at Gibraltar has been identified as one such current; it would have sufficient capacity to deal with all CO2 produced in Europe even in the year 2100.


Planetary engineering on Mars

Author(s): Sagan C

Published: December, 1973

Publisher: Icarus

DOI: 10.1016/0019-1035(73)90026-2

Tags: Surface Albedo Modification

URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0019103573900262

Abstract: Some 109 to 1010 metric tons of low albedo material, transported during the course of a century to the permanent Martian polar caps, may be capable of rapidly transforming Mars to much more Earth-like conditions. Alternatively the introduction to Mars of a dark plant which grows on the polar snows might accomplish the same objective. Fortunately neither program is a practical engineering venture for the near future.


Climate-engineering schemes to meet a climatic emergency

Author(s): Lamb HH

Published: April, 1971

Publisher: Earth-Science Reviews

DOI: 10.1016/0012-8252(71)90083-3

Tags: History, Environmental Side-Effects

URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0012825271900833

Abstract: An alarming situation exists in the arid regions of central Asia and elsewhere, where increase of population and industry has resulted in overuse of the natural water supply. Ambitious measures proposed in the Soviet Union for solving this problem by diverting water from the rivers which flow into the Arctic Ocean are outlined from published information and are seen to raise novel questions, arising from possible unintended and undesirable side-effects on the distribution of climates over many parts of the Northern Hemisphere. The importance of informed scientific study and discussion of the meteorological problem, using a variety of techniques and taking account of the history of natural climatic fluctuations, as well as the margins of error likely in any attempted predictions, is stressed.


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